Nicole Kidman says she has something with Keith Urban that she never had with Tom Cruise: a "great love." In a new Vanity Fair cover story, Kidman compares country star Urban to her movie star ex-husband, and says there is basically no comparison.
Source: http://www.ivillage.com/nicole-kidman-talks-tom-cruise-marriage-he-wasnt-her-great-love/1-a-551266?dst=iv%3AiVillage%3Anicole-kidman-talks-tom-cruise-marriage-he-wasnt-her-great-love-551266
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Wednesday, October 30, 2013
Nicole Kidman Says Tom Cruise Wasn't Her "Great Love"
Aaron Levie Talks About Box's Early Struggles, The NSA And Microsoft's Next CEO
At TechCrunch Disrupt Europe in Berlin today, Box’s founder Aaron Levie took to the stage with CrunchFund’s Michael Arrington for a wide-ranging conversation that touched on everything from the early days of Box and who the next CEO of Microsoft should be all the way to the recent NSA revelations and their repercussions on cloud businesses.
As for the NSA, Levie said that – as far as he knows – nobody has never received a request to disclose data to the NSA. “We have never handed data over to the NSA,” he said categorically, and noted that in his view, “the NSA fucked up royally with what they did.”
At the same time, though, he also said that the NSA scandal – and especially the reaction to it in Europe – has not hurt Box’s business. “We have no data that it’s hurt the business, but it hasn’t helped,” he told Arrington. “The only thing we’ve seen so far is that customers who were already skeptics can now use this as a reason to avoid moving to the cloud.”
He also warned that the reaction to the U.S. actions shouldn’t lead to a balkanization of the Internet and cloud technologies. For the kind of tech that Box provides, an open Internet is important, after all. People have to be able to work with each other across countries and networks. Otherwise, the value of the cloud is essentially gone.
To get to the point where Box needs to worry about this, however, it first had to overcome the odds against it. The company launched in Seattle, after all (which Levie likened to the “Hannover of America”), and in his retelling of the company’s early days, nobody in Seattle wanted to put money into it. “All of the VC community was afraid of what we were doing,” he said. In the end, though, they raised $80,000 and then moved to Silicon Valley.
As so often during Disrupt Europe, the discussion then also touched upon whether a startup has to move to Silicon Valley to be successful. Levie offered a pretty reasoned argument here. In his view, there are some ideas that are just bad and justifiably don’t get funding, and there are some companies that are misunderstood by VCs even though they have a great idea. For the second type of company, moving to Silicon Valley gives it a greater chance of finding the people who will finally understand it.
Box itself, it’s worth noting, has now expanded from the U.S. to Europe and has recently opened an office in London and may expand into Germany, too. He said Europe is now Box’s second-largest market.
While Arrington tried to get Levie to name a possible next CEO of Microsoft, Levie focused on the qualities that the next CEO should have. In his view, the next CEO of Microsoft has to be a visionary and not just an operational type. While he admitted that it would be hard for Microsoft to find somebody like that – simply because visionaries aren’t likely to be attracted to this kind of job – he believes that Microsoft needs somebody who can re-architect the company.
Here are his comments about Microsoft:
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NREL to research revolutionary battery storage approaches in support of ARPA-E RANGE program
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PUBLIC RELEASE DATE: 29-Oct-2013
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ShareContact: David Glickson
david.glickson@nrel.gov
303-275-4097
DOE/National Renewable Energy Laboratory
The Energy Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy (ARPA-E) has announced that a project at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is among 22 projects that will receive funding to develop transformational electric vehicle (EV) energy storage systems using innovative chemistries, architectures and designs.
ARPA-E's new program, Robust Affordable Next Generation Energy Storage Systems (RANGE), aims to accelerate widespread EV adoption by dramatically improving driving range and reliability, and by providing low-cost carbon alternatives to today's vehicles.
"We're very excited about the opportunity to work on a drastically different battery technology for EVs," said NREL Project Lead Jeremy Neubauer. "Not only does it have the potential to meet the demanding safety, cost and performance levels for EVs set by ARPA-E, but it could do so sustainably. This project will allow us to build on our preliminary findings and move closer to creating a battery system that will allow the next generation of EVs to drive further and more safely."
NREL is a recognized leader in electrified vehicle energy storage R&D. Working closely with project partners EIC Laboratories and Chemtura Corporation, NREL will use organic energy storage materials to develop a new low-cost battery that operates similar to a flow battery, where chemical energy is stored in liquid anolytes and catholytes that flow through an electrode to charge and discharge the system.
Today's state-of-the-art flow batteries are generally low in energy density, have poor efficiency, suffer reliability issues, and as such are largely unsuitable for transportation applications. However, NREL's EV battery technology will deploy newly developed, high energy, renewable organic compounds in modified system architecture to overcome these shortfalls. More information on NREL's energy storage research and development efforts, funded primarily by the Energy Department's Vehicle Technologies Office, can be found at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/energystorage.
"We are excited to see NREL developing a new low-cost flow battery using organic energy storage materials," said ARPA-E Program Director Dr. Ping Liu. "NREL's electric vehicle liquid battery will use newly developed, renewable organic compounds to increase energy density and reduce cost. This fits well with RANGE's program funding high risk and high reward transformational technologies."
###
ARPA-E was officially authorized in 2007 and first funded in 2009. The Agency invests in high-potential, high-impact energy technologies that are too early for private-sector investment. For more information on ARPA-E and its innovative project portfolio, please visit http://www.arpa-e.energy.gov.
NREL is the U.S. Department of Energy's primary national laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. NREL is operated for DOE by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Visit NREL online at http://www.nrel.gov
[
Share]
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
PUBLIC RELEASE DATE: 29-Oct-2013
[
]
ShareContact: David Glickson
david.glickson@nrel.gov
303-275-4097
DOE/National Renewable Energy Laboratory
The Energy Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency Energy (ARPA-E) has announced that a project at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is among 22 projects that will receive funding to develop transformational electric vehicle (EV) energy storage systems using innovative chemistries, architectures and designs.
ARPA-E's new program, Robust Affordable Next Generation Energy Storage Systems (RANGE), aims to accelerate widespread EV adoption by dramatically improving driving range and reliability, and by providing low-cost carbon alternatives to today's vehicles.
"We're very excited about the opportunity to work on a drastically different battery technology for EVs," said NREL Project Lead Jeremy Neubauer. "Not only does it have the potential to meet the demanding safety, cost and performance levels for EVs set by ARPA-E, but it could do so sustainably. This project will allow us to build on our preliminary findings and move closer to creating a battery system that will allow the next generation of EVs to drive further and more safely."
NREL is a recognized leader in electrified vehicle energy storage R&D. Working closely with project partners EIC Laboratories and Chemtura Corporation, NREL will use organic energy storage materials to develop a new low-cost battery that operates similar to a flow battery, where chemical energy is stored in liquid anolytes and catholytes that flow through an electrode to charge and discharge the system.
Today's state-of-the-art flow batteries are generally low in energy density, have poor efficiency, suffer reliability issues, and as such are largely unsuitable for transportation applications. However, NREL's EV battery technology will deploy newly developed, high energy, renewable organic compounds in modified system architecture to overcome these shortfalls. More information on NREL's energy storage research and development efforts, funded primarily by the Energy Department's Vehicle Technologies Office, can be found at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/energystorage.
"We are excited to see NREL developing a new low-cost flow battery using organic energy storage materials," said ARPA-E Program Director Dr. Ping Liu. "NREL's electric vehicle liquid battery will use newly developed, renewable organic compounds to increase energy density and reduce cost. This fits well with RANGE's program funding high risk and high reward transformational technologies."
###
ARPA-E was officially authorized in 2007 and first funded in 2009. The Agency invests in high-potential, high-impact energy technologies that are too early for private-sector investment. For more information on ARPA-E and its innovative project portfolio, please visit http://www.arpa-e.energy.gov.
NREL is the U.S. Department of Energy's primary national laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development. NREL is operated for DOE by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Visit NREL online at http://www.nrel.gov
[
Share]
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-10/drel-ntr102913.php
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Nicole Kidman in Vanity Fair December 2013: I Found My True Love After Tom Cruise
She and Tom Cruise ended their marriage over a decade ago, and now Nicole Kidman opens up about the couple's struggle with attention and fame in the December 2013 issue of Vanity Fair magazine.
During her interview with the publication, the "Eyes Wide Shut" beauty shares details about her previous marriage and reveals her true feelings about moving away from Hollywood.
Check out a few highlights from Miss Kidman's interview below. For more, be sure to visit Vanity Fair!
On her marriage to Tom:
"I was so young. And you know, with no disrespect to what I had with Tom, I've met my great love now. And I really did not know if that was going to happen. I really did not known if that was going to happen. I wanted it, but I didn't want it for a while, because I didn't want to jump from one relationship to another. I had a lot of time alone, which was really, really good, because I was a child, really, when I got married. And I needed to grow up."
On being Hollywood's "it" couple:
"There is something about that sort of existence that, if you really focus on each other and you're in that bubble, it's very intoxicating, because it's just the two of you. And there is only one other person that's going through it. So it brings you very close, and it's deeply romantic. I'm sure Brad and Angelina have that- because there's nobody else that understand it except that person who's sleeping right next to you. Having experience extreme fame and now getting to a place where it's not so dominating in my life, I'm always surprised when I go somewhere and people who I am."
On her time away from Hollywood:
"The whole business side of it - it's too present. It doesn't suit me. There's an enormous amount you have to give up if you want to have a family. You can have a certain career, but you can't be living in Hollywood, [where] absolutely everything, everything revolves around it. That wasn't my choice. I'd rather revolve around somebody else's career and then still find my own because I can kind of have a very odd, idiosyncratic kind of path. I have stepped away from the fame part of it. I didn't find what i was looking for in fame. So I went, OK, this is not for me. And it was such a blessing that I found somebody who said, 'Well, are you willing to move to Tennessee?' and I was, 'Oh, am I willing to move!'"
On having children with her husband, Keith Urban:
"[It] gives you some glue, [so] you're both kind of in there together and you're having to work through raising them, which brings up an enormous amount of personal things in terms of history and your own life. Yet if you kind of move into each other, you discover and heal a lot of things in each other, too. Well, that's what I've found for us - very, very, healing, when it's gently, gently done."
Source: http://celebrity-gossip.net/nicole-kidman/nicole-kidman-vanity-fair-december-2013-i-found-my-true-love-after-tom-cruise-947929
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Motorola Wants to Make Your Phone Modular
Motorola has announced that it's new research and development team, called Project Ara, is developing an "open hardware platform for creating highly modular smartphones". In other words, it wants your phone to come in bits.
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'Entourage' star Ferrara happy movie finally a go
Actor Jerry Ferrara attends the premiere of "Last Vegas" at the Ziegfeld Theatre on Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 in New York. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP)
Actor Jerry Ferrara attends the premiere of "Last Vegas" at the Ziegfeld Theatre on Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 in New York. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP)
FILE - This June 16, 2010 file photo shows "Entourage" cast members, from left, Kevin Dillon, Jeremy Piven, Kevin Connolly, Jerry Ferrara and Adrian Grenier pose together at the premiere of the seventh season of the HBO series in Los Angeles. The long-planned “Entourage” movie is finally “a go,” says series creator Doug Ellin. Ellin tweeted the news Monday, Oct. 28, 2013, along with a photo of himself and the cast arm-in-arm. Returning to bring the HBO series to the big screen are stars Jeremy Piven, Adrian Grenier, Jesse Ferrara, Kevin Dillon and Kevin Connolly. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello, File)
NEW YORK (AP) — Jerry Ferrara feels relieved that the controversy surrounding the long-planned movie version of the HBO series, "Entourage" is finally over.
"We start shooting in January, and now we can get to work. All the other stuff is in the past and now we have one goal, to make a great movie for the fans," Ferrara told the Associated Press Tuesday night on the red carpet for his new movie, "Last Vegas."
He equated the chemistry in the buddy movie starring Michael Douglas, Morgan Freeman, Robert De Niro, and Kevin Kline with his former series.
"Having worked on a show where chemistry between four guys was crucial, these guys made it instantly ... you bought it from moment one that these guys knew each other," Ferrara said of the "Last Vegas" cast.
"Entourage" creator Doug Ellin confirmed the movie's production on Monday evening when he tweeted a photo of himself and the cast arm-in-arm.
Since the film was announced early last year, various rumors surfaced about the why the movie had not gone into production, including cast members holding out for more money.
"There was a moment early on where it was a little frustrating, but then after a while, it was just kind of bewildering. Like, wow, I can't believe it's being talked about like this and none of it is even really true. It just got blown out of proportion," Ferrara said.
But the 33-year old actor stopped short of saying the rumors were fabricated.
"There weren't lies being told," he said. "In the same breath, it was amplified."
He added: "We always knew the movie was a go and the deal was gonna be done."
"Entourage" is a light portrait of Hollywood and young stardom that ran for eight seasons on HBO before ending in 2011.
Ferrara, who plays the character, "Turtle" in the show, is joined in the Warner Brothers big screen version by Jeremy Piven, Adrian Grenier, Kevin Dillon and Kevin Connolly.
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AP Film Writer Jake Coyle contributed to this story
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Follow John Carucci on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/jacarucci
Associated PressSource: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/4e67281c3f754d0696fbfdee0f3f1469/Article_2013-10-29-US-Film-Entourage/id-32b6017653ec488b8dbf1763fda8f052Similar Articles: calvin johnson Bitstrips The Blacklist NSYNC VMA 2013 Larry Shippers
Bach Unwigged: The Man Behind The Music
This rare portrait of Bach, by Elias Gottlob Haussmann, hung in John Eliot Gardiner's home during World War II.
courtesy of William H. Scheide, Princeton, N.J.
This rare portrait of Bach, by Elias Gottlob Haussmann, hung in John Eliot Gardiner's home during World War II.
courtesy of William H. Scheide, Princeton, N.J.
Johann Sebastian Bach has been a central figure in the life of British conductor John Eliot Gardiner since he was a youngster. On his way to bed, he couldn't help glancing up at the famous 18th-century portrait of Bach that hung in the first floor landing of the old mill house in Dorset, England where Gardiner was born. It was one of only two fully authenticated portraits of Bach by Elias Gottlob Haussmann, painted around 1750, and came to the Gardiner home in a knapsack, delivered on bicycle by a Silesian refugee who needed to keep it safe during World War II. Bach's music also hung in the air of the Gardiner home. Each week the musically inclined family gathered for serious singalongs, which included Bach's motets.
It's a scene Gardiner sets at the beginning of his new book, BACH: Music in the Castle of Heaven, published today by Knopf. From his childhood interactions with Bach, Gardiner would grow up to become one of the composer's greatest champions, creating his own orchestras (English Baroque Soloists and Orchestre Révolutionaire et Romantique) and choir (Monteverdi Choir) to play the music in historically informed performances.
Gardiner's obsession with Bach culminated in 2000, when he and his musical forces (and a team of recording engineers) embarked on a massive pilgrimage. Traveling around Europe and the U.S., they performed all of Bach's sacred cantatas (about 200 of them) on their appropriate Sundays in different churches.
Gardiner's new book was more than 12 years in the making, and one of its goals is to get to know Bach the man a little better, since scant information has been passed down about his personal life. Bach was filled with contradictions, Gardiner discovered. He had anger management issues, and yet he had the capacity for tenderness.
"He had normal flaws and failings, which make him very approachable," Gardiner says. "But he had this unfathomably brilliant mind and a capacity to hear music and then to deliver music that is beyond the capacity of pretty well any musician before or since."
Despite Bach's contradictions, Gardiner says, in my conversation with him below, the composer would have been a great guy to hang out with.
In your book, you're saying Bach's music is well-known, but we end up knowing very little in comparison about Bach the man. How do you try to crack that nut in your new book?
Well, with great difficulty and that was a big challenge. But I think basically there are three elements that you have to draw on. Number one is the contextual information that you can gain from the sources, from the local, parochial sources about conditions in Germany at the time of Bach's birth, conditions pertaining to the schools that he went to, conditions pertaining to the whole difficult social life of Germany recovering from the 30 Years War and on the brink of enlightenment but still hanging on to a pre-Galileo view of the world — very medieval in a way — and not allowing yet the full flood of enlightenment thought to change their weltanschauung.
The second area which I found very useful to explore was his own annotations and comments that he introduced in his copy of Abraham Calov's Bible commentary — Calov being a 17th-century theologian — a book in Bach's private library which Bach annotates very carefully and very meticulously and things that draw his eye like, for example, how to deal with the concept of anger and that Calov makes it clear that you can be, you must turn the other cheek if somebody is being angry about you or if you feel angry in response to a personal slight. But if the attack is on your profession, your skill, your office, not only can you respond with anger but you should respond with anger. And that to me explains a good deal of Bach's very competitive and antagonistic response to the authorities who were employing him at different stages in his lifetime, and made life difficult for him, or in his own words, "caused a life of envy and hindrance." So that was a big resource.
And the third area of research that I really plunged into with a great deal of enthusiasm was of course the evidence that can be gleaned from a deep immersion into his compositions of music with a text attached to them. In other words, the passions, the motets, the Masses and above all the cantatas that he wrote in such a concentrated period in Leipzig in particular. And I was fully aware in writing the book that I was treading on treacherous ground in so far as one man's reading can be very different from another person's and it's a very subjective source of evidence, if you can call it that. But I felt convinced that my deep immersion into that music did allow me the occasional glimpse of the chinks in his armor plating as it were, when his personality sort of grinned through the fabric of the music. And that gave me huge encouragement to persist and to try and get to the end of the book, because it's not, as you I'm sure realize, a conventional life at all.
About your immersion into the music. You mention in the book that part of your aim is to show how Bach's approach in his vocal music reveals his mind at work, his temperamental preferences as well as his philosophical outlook. So how does the music reveal the mind?
Well, music is a much more elusive and ephemeral form of communication than words alone and yet it has its own precision. I mean, it's Mendelssohn who famously said that he found that music was much more precise than words. The problem comes in actually defining that precision and saying what exactly the music is saying. But I think the one thing you can extrapolate from studying Bach's setting of religious texts is that there is a counterpoint going on between the meaning of the texts per se and the affect and impact of the music surrounding the text setting, and it divides into two broad categories, really. One is collusion and a direct sense of sympathy and empathy between the import and the meaning of the words and the type of music that Bach uses to surround it and explain it — the text. And then there's at the other extreme, collision — those moments where the music and the text seem to end up pointing in opposite directions.
In his new book, conductor John Eliot Gardiner searches for the real J.S. Bach.
Matthias Baus
In his new book, conductor John Eliot Gardiner searches for the real J.S. Bach.
Matthias Baus
Can you give some examples of those two types?
Well, there are quite a number of cantatas where the text is quite genial and talking about, "God is right, all you have to do is to comply and just get on with it," and Bach is writing music of wonderful frippery and irrelevance as if to pull the leg of the listener. It's not that he's saying, "God isn't right," but he's saying, "You don't have to take it in such a literal way — you can enjoy it." The cantatas are full of instances where just by prolonging a single syllable or a single word or repeating things, he gives a different emphasis than the one the preacher would have done when announcing the scripture from the pulpit. And music has this extra — particularly Bach's music — expressive potency which is so extraordinary and it's something that leaps out of its initial context and appeals to us now in the 21st century in a way that perhaps he never acknowledged. I mean, he was writing this music for a very specific moment, for a very specific time of year, in a very specific liturgy in a parochial context. And yet such is the breadth of his vision that it can reach us now.
In a similar vein, you mention in the book that you were "keeping a weather eye out for the instances in performance when his personality seems to rise through the fabric of his notation." And I'm wondering if there are specific examples you have in mind, where Bach the man, whom we seem to know so little about, rises up through the music.
There are quite a few instances in the cantatas but they're not that well known. I can give you one instance in a piece that is very, very well known and that's the B Minor Mass, where I think that really applies. In the credo there is this monumental chorus, "Confiteor unum baptisma" — I believe in the universal baptism and the resurrection of the dead. And Bach starts off in really good, solid Lutheran card-carrying fashion by inserting a cantus firmus, a sort of almost plainsong statement, in the basses followed in stretto with the altos and then with the tenors. And you think, "Oh, this is a really major ex cathedra statement" — and so it is until the point when the music seems to crumble and it just simply dwindles and the tempo slows down.
Bach's B Minor Mass
These great girdle-like proclamations cease and the music enters into a sort of twilight zone full of dark modulations. And a searching quality enters in the music to the point where you don't know which direction it's going to move in. There are extreme insecurities of harmonic movement and it feels at that moment that Bach himself is saying to himself and allowing us to share his momentary doubts as to whether there is going to be a life beyond our earthly existence.
And only at the last moment is there a scalar descent in the bass line and suddenly there is this eruptive chorus with trumpets and drums, "And I look for the resurrection of the dead" — Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum. And suddenly, there's a sprint to the line and it finishes in a flourish and that's it. The impressiveness of that jubilant chorus, which is so affirmative, would I think be a lot less if it hadn't been for the transitional patch of murky self-doubt that comes before it, and I think that's something that humanizes Bach the man to us. It makes us feel that he, too, had his doubts and had his wobbles.
You have a very intriguing chapter in the book called "The Incorrigible Cantor," where you talk about a side of Bach that I think many people, even fans of his music, really don't know that much about.
Well, that's all to do with anger management and attitude towards authority and I think the seeds of that are to be found in the unsavory atmosphere that pertained in the schools that he attended and in the gang warfare that took place in the towns between the rival choirs who were busking to raise money for their schools and their education.
Even though you can't pinpoint Bach's direct involvement with any of these incidents, that is the typical background of the schools that he was attending. And it all comes to an eruptive moment in Bach's own life when he's age 18 and in his first job in Arnstadt, and he has a silly disagreement with a bassoon player who can't manage to play an obbligato little riff that Bach writes for him, which is difficult. But, patently, the guy made a bit of a mess of it and Bach swears at him and calls him something quite insulting. And the bassoonist, in order to gain his own back, awaits for him with his gang in the town square. When Bach is on his way back from the castle going home, they set up on him and with knives and cudgels and Bach is obliged to defend himself by drawing his sword and there's a nasty incident and eventually they're separated and Bach goes on his way. And the next day he goes to the Consistory and lodges a severe complaint and the Consistory don't back him up, they give the moral victory to the bassoonist.
And that, I think, is a sort of paradigm, or it's a foretaste anyway, of the problems that Bach encountered at so many different stages in his career. Like when he was in Weimar, he is really disappointed to be passed over in the hierarchy and he doesn't get appointed Kapellmeister when the guy that's appointed ahead of him is manifestly less talented, less competent. And Bach looks for a job elsewhere and he gains a job elsewhere and the Duke of Weimar imprisons him for cheekiness and subversive behavior and on it goes.
Cantata No. 8 - 'Liebster Gott'
Cantata No. 8 - 'Liebster Gott' (chorus)
- Artist: John Eliot Gardiner
- Album: Bach Cantatas, Vol. 8: Bremen/Santiago
- Song: Cantata No. 8 "Liebster Gott, wann werd ich sterben" (first version), BWV 8 (BC A137a) [1. Coro. Liebster Gott, wenn werd ich sterben?]
When he gets to Leipzig, he signs a very elaborate contract with the town council and he falls foul of their regulations in so many different ways and he finds himself in battles either with the clergy or with the town council or with the headmaster of the school, and it wears him down and he then describes, in one of the few private letters we have, how his life is full of "vexation and hindrance" and how the people here in Leipzig are little interested in music and have a curious disposition.
So there's a sense that he's always the outsider, that he's up against something, that he's incorrigible to some extent. And he carries on right until the bitter end fighting battles which really he didn't need to, maybe. And that is one side of his personality. And maybe it was a creative side because it — in his embattled state — fired him up to write the music that he did. On the other hand, there's a totally different side to him — the convivial family man who welcomed all visiting musicians and who took infinite pains to look after the musical education and the career steps of his children. So there is a fault line running right through his personality, I feel.
I think we tend to think of Bach as the bewigged "grand arbiter and lawgiver of music" who would be far from being jailed or drawing a sword on someone. And I think we tend to romanticize Bach's big job in Leipzig where he landed in 1723 and where he wrote so many great pieces — the St. John and St. Matthew Passion, the Goldberg Variations, the B Minor Mass. We imagine him just quietly churning out his church music but ...
It wasn't like that at all.
Right. You reveal in your book it's so much different than that. Tell us just briefly what a day in the life of Bach might have been like when he was in Leipzig.
Well, he was responsible not just simply for writing the music but also as a schoolmaster, for disciplining and for being a kind of house father to a lot of the boarding school choristers who were in his charge and who had their dormitories right up next to his private living quarters in the Thomas school in Leipzig. So how Bach had any time for a private life, God knows. But he would have taken prayers. He would have taken early lessons. He would go into daily rehearsals and daily classes, and then he would get to his desk and start composing the cantata for the week that was going to last up to 35 minutes depending on the occasion. And it didn't end there.
Cantata No. 82
Cantata No. 82 - 'Ich habe genug' (aria)
- Artist: John Eliot Gardiner
- Album: Bach: Cantatas, BWV 82, 83, 125, 200
- Song: Cantata No. 82, "Ich habe genug," BWV 82 (BC A169) ["Ich habe genug, ich habe den Heiland", Aria for bass]
He then had to see to its copying out. And there was this little kind of mini factory, or sweatshop, of copying that was under his supervision with students, sometimes family members, doing the copying out of the parts of the score, readying for the one and only rehearsal. There may have been a few private, tuitioned rehearsals when he could have dealt with particularly difficult solos or obbligatos but basically it was rehearsed in breakneck speed on a Saturday before the performance on a Sunday.
In addition to that, he was also assessing organs in different parts of the country, around Saxony, and he was writing recommendations, he was supervising a harpsichord hire system. Some of his works went through publication and he was publishing other people's works. He was tireless, absolutely tireless. And he kept up that rhythm for at least the first three years — before he either burnt out a bit or else became disillusioned by the lack of support and responsiveness on the part of the town authorities from the clergy.
And not to mention that he was a father and a husband and a bandleader and a recitalist.
All that. It's true.
Your book is not a typical chronological bio of Bach where he was born here, then he did this, he did that, and then he died.
It's not intended to be a conventional life work.
Instead you tackle aspects of Bach in each of the chapters and I'm wondering why you chose that approach.
Well there are plenty of life-and-works of Bach and I didn't feel qualified to write that and certainly not to speak with authority on the keyboard music and the organ music in particular, where that's been dealt with very well by other authors. Where I did feel there was a strong case for emphasis was on the church music and particularly on the cantatas — the music that I know best. And so what I tried to do is to take the reader by the hand and take him or her through a series of different perspectives of looking on Bach.
“ There is a fault line running right through his personality, I feel.
I start off explaining in the preface why I think the book could be written that has a different approach. Then in the first chapter I describe my own approach, my own curious and upbringing and experience of Bach, which at the time it didn't strike me as being odd or exceptional, but it was only when I got to school that I realized that it was a bit odd and how I came to interpret Bach and to have a lifelong fascination with him and found that the models that were held up before me of how to perform him were to some extent unsatisfactory and how, if I was ever going come to terms with his music, I would have to do it in my own way, which meant forming my own choir and a period instrument orchestra and how that led to the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000 and so on.
Tell me a little bit about the wording in the title of the book. It's called BACH: Music in the Castle of Heaven and that title seems to me to put Bach up on a pedestal a little bit. And that's the kind of veneration, or 'hagiolatry' as you put it, that you seem to try to work against in the book.
Yeah, I guess you can accuse me of that because I do revere Bach. The castle of heaven is a translation of the Himmelsburg in German. It was a chapel in the Red Castle of the Dukes of Weimar from which Bach performed, and the music floated downwards, out of sight of the Duke and the congregation. And what I was trying to suggest by calling the book Music in the Castle of Heaven, is that Bach was producing the most heavenly music that perhaps has ever been heard on Earth and yet his sights were set on the castle of heaven of performing music as a good Lutheran to a much higher degree of perfection in the afterlife. And I'm trying to suggest that we're the beneficiaries of a kind of celestial vision.
Well, I think we are. After studying and performing Bach's music for so much of your life — and now you've written this book — you must feel somehow like you know him. So what is the answer? What was Bach like?
Convivial, cantankerous, remote, present, full of humor but deeply serious.
All dichotomies.
All dichotomies. But a great guy to go out and have a beer with.
Do you feel like you're closer to knowing who he is after writing this book?
Yeah but I might be just deluding myself, but yes I do.
Do you think he was basically just a normal, not too interesting, guy who happened to be a genius at writing music?
He had normal attributes. He had normal faults and failings which make him very approachable, but he had this unfathomably brilliant mind and a capacity to hear music and then to deliver music — in terms of improvisation and then in notated music — that is beyond the capacity of pretty well any musician before or since, yes.
You know it's quite obvious that for this book — at over 600 pages including a glossary, a chronology, 20 pages of notes — that you've done countless hours of research. And I'm wondering what was the single most surprising thing you discovered about Bach that you hadn't known before?
Cantata No. 106: 'Actus Tragicus'
I think that would have to be his compassion towards those who've lost a dear one. Where you'd expect it to be gloomy and lachrymose, Bach writes music of ineffable tenderness and consolation and music that doesn't require you to be a Christian, or let alone a Lutheran, to be able to have access to that wonderful compassionate solace that his music can bring you. You can hear it in some of the motets and you can hear it in some of the cantatas, famous ones like Ich habe genug, but also in the cantatas for the 16th Sunday after Trinity which are particularly concerned with infant mortality. You sense that he's really befriended death in a way that no other composer I know of has done to that degree, and with that degree of persuasiveness. That's something I cherish, and that brings me personal comfort. And also I can extend it by suggesting people listen to or approach or perform that music if they're in a state of bereavement or loss.
If you had to pick one piece of Bach's music that you have recorded to recommend to someone who's not really all that familiar with Bach, what would you pick?
"Actus Tragicus," Cantata 106.
And why that one?
Because it's a precocious, early example of what I've just been talking about: somebody who is dealing with eschatology, dealing with the ends of things, dealing with the eternal mysteries of life and of death and of finding a path through all that pain and grief to find a serene ending.
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Health policy cancellations: New blow for admin.
Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, pauses while testifying on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013, before the House Ways and Means Committee hearing on the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Stressing that improvements are happening daily, the senior Obama official closest to the administration's malfunctioning health care website apologized Tuesday for problems that have kept Americans from successfully signing up for coverage. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, pauses while testifying on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013, before the House Ways and Means Committee hearing on the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Stressing that improvements are happening daily, the senior Obama official closest to the administration's malfunctioning health care website apologized Tuesday for problems that have kept Americans from successfully signing up for coverage. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
House Ways and Means Committee member Rep. Bill Pascrell, D-N.J., right, stands up and shouts across the room at Republican lawmakers during a heated debate about problems with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013, on Capitol Hill in Washington. Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the senior Obama administration official overseeing the health care law's dysfunctional website, was getting tough questions from the Republican-controlled panel about whether she saw the problems coming and would things be running efficiently by the end of November as promised. Rep. Joe Crowley, D-N.Y. is at left. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013, before the House Ways and Means Committee hearing on the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Stressing that improvements are happening daily, the senior Obama official closest to the administration's malfunctioning health care website apologized Tuesday for problems that have kept Americans from successfully signing up for coverage. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
House Ways and Means Committee member Rep. Kevin Brady, R-Texas, right, accompanied by fellow committee member Rep. Paul Ryan, R-Wis., left, questions Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, during the committee's hearing on on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013, on problems with the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. As the senior Obama administration official closest to the implementation of the health care law's dysfunctional website, Tavenner is getting tough questions from the Republican-controlled panel about whether she saw the problems coming and will things be running efficiently by the end of November as promised. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
Marilyn Tavenner, the administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, seated, is greeted by House Ways and Means Committee members, from left, Rep. Joseph Crowley, D-N.Y., left, and Rep. John Larson, D-Conn., and Rep. Tom Reed, R-N.Y., on Capitol Hill in Washington, Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013, after Tavenner testified before the committee's hearing where she defended the implementation of the Affordable Care Act. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
WASHINGTON (AP) — Move over, website woes. Lawmakers confronted the Obama administration Tuesday with a difficult new health care problem — a wave of cancellation notices hitting small businesses and individuals who buy their own insurance.
At the same time, the federal official closest to the website apologized for its dysfunction in new sign-ups and asserted things are getting better by the day.
Medicare chief Marilyn Tavenner said it's not the administration but insurers who are responsible for cancellation letters now reaching many of the estimated 14 million people who buy individual policies. And, officials said, people who get cancellation notices will be able to find better replacement plans, in some cases for less.
The Associated Press, citing the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, reported in May that many carriers would opt to cancel policies this fall and issue new ones. Administratively that was seen as easier than changing existing plans to comply with the new law, which mandates coverage of more services and provides better financial protection against catastrophic illnesses.
While the administration had ample warning of the cancellations, they could become another public relations debacle for President Barack Obama's signature legislation. This problem goes to the credibility of one of the president's earliest promises about the health care overhaul: You can keep your plan if you like it.
In the spring, state insurance commissioners started giving insurers the option of canceling existing individual plans for 2014, since the coverage required under Obama's law is more robust. Some states directed insurers to issue cancellations. Large employer plans that cover most workers and their families are unlikely to be affected.
The cancellation notices are now reaching policyholders, and they've been complaining to their lawmakers — who were grilling Tavenner on Tuesday.
"Based on what little information the administration has disclosed, it turns out that more people have received cancellation notices for their health care plans this month than have enrolled in the (health care website)," said Ways and Means Chairman Dave Camp, R-Mich. He cited a news report of 146,000 cancellations in his state alone.
Up and down the dais, lawmakers chimed in with stories of constituents who had received similar notices. Republicans offered examples of people being asked to pay more.
Democrats countered by citing constituents who had been able to find lower-cost coverage than they have now. Ranking Democrat Sander Levin of Michigan said one of his constituents has been paying $800 a month for a BlueCrossBlueShield plan and managed to find comparable coverage for $77, after tax credits that lower the premiums.
Still, Levin added, "this has become a matter of legitimate discussion."
It could take months to sort out the balance of individual winners and losers. There's not a central source of statistics on how many people have gotten cancellations. Even the number of people who buy insurance individually is disputed.
It isn't the administration's fault, said Tavenner. "In fact the issuer has decided to change the plan; (they) didn't have to."
Obama's promise dates back to June 2009, when Congress was starting to grapple with overhauling the health care system to cover uninsured Americans.
"If you like your health care plan, you'll be able to keep your health care plan, period," the president said in remarks to the American Medical Association. "No one will take it away, no matter what."
Some immediately saw the promise as too broad to deliver on, given that health plans are constantly being changed by the employers that sponsor them or by insurers directly.
Nonetheless, Democrats in Congress devised a complicated scheme called "grandfathering" to try to make good on Obama's pledge. It shields plans from the law's requirements, provided the plans themselves change very little. Insurers say it has proven impractical.
The White House weighed in Tuesday, with spokesman Jay Carney saying the changes are part of a transition to better coverage. "The good news," he said, "is that for every one of these individuals who might have a plan that is almost by definition providing less than minimal benefits ... you are now being offered a variety of options, including options by the very insurer that covers you already, for new coverage."
Critics say that's like an airline forcibly upgrading you from economy to business class, and exposing you to a higher ticket price.
Proponents of the health care law offered evidence to support the administration's position that losing coverage could be advantageous. In California, Anne Gonzalez, a spokeswoman for the state's health care exchange, Covered California, said that about 900,000 people are expected to lose existing plans that do not provide the minimum level of coverage required under the health care law.
"They basically had plans that had gaping holes in the coverage. They would be surprised when they get to the emergency room or the doctor's office, some of them didn't have drug coverage or preventive care," Gonzalez said. About a third of those people will be eligible for subsidies, she said, if they come to the health exchange.
During the House hearing, Tavenner delivered the most direct mea culpa yet from the administration for the technical problems that have kept many Americans from signing up through HealthCare.gov.
"I want to apologize to you that the website has not worked as well as it should," she told the committee.
The first senior official to publicly answer questions from lawmakers, Tavenner was pressed not only on what went wrong with the website, but also whether lawmakers can trust recent promises that things will be running efficiently by the end of November.
She declined to provide enrollment numbers, repeating nearly 20 times they will not be available until mid-November. But she did try to lower expectations of a strong initial sign-up. "We expect the initial number to be small," Tavenner said.
An internal memo obtained by the AP showed that the administration expected nearly 500,000 uninsured people to sign up for coverage in October, the program's first month. Committee chairman Camp told Tavenner that by his math, the administration appears headed for less than a fourth of that.
Outside contractors testified last week that there wasn't sufficient time to test the complex online enrollment system, which froze the day it was launched, Oct. 1.
The website is supposed to be the online portal to coverage for people who don't have health plans on the job. Its audience is not only uninsured Americans but those who already purchase coverage individually.
Under the law, middle-class people can qualify for tax credits to make private health insurance more affordable, while low-income people will be steered to Medicaid in states agreeing to expand that safety net program.
___
Associated Press writer Juliet Williams in Sacramento, Calif., also contributed to this report
Associated PressSource: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2013-10-29-Health%20Overhaul-Problems/id-5a42d165885041178e849e09104441d1Category: aaron rodgers notre dame football Captain Phillips college football Anna Kendrick
A look at opening night in the NBA
The NBA begins another season with three matchups on opening night. Some highlights from around the courts:
NO KOBE: The Lakers opened a season without Kobe Bryant on the floor for the first time since 2006.
Bryant is still recovering from surgery on his torn Achilles tendon last April. Coach Mike D'Antoni doesn't know whether Kobe will be tweeting during games, as he did occasionally last year, but is confident he's doing everything possible to return.
"We want to get him back as soon as we can, so he's really concentrating on that," D'Antoni said. "He talks to the guys on the side. He'll take Nick (Young) to the side, and I'll see him talking to different guys. He'll be there. We touch base all the time, and I'll get his opinion."
__
DOC'S DEBUT: Doc Rivers' first regular-season appearance on the Los Angeles Clippers' bench was a road game, only not really.
The Lakers were the designated home team at Staples Center on Tuesday night, and Rivers is still getting used to the quirk of sharing a building with a rival.
"I've never had one of these where the road game is where you play your home games," Rivers said. "Actually it's really cool, but it's different."
__
LET THE BANNERS FLY: Doc Rivers made preseason headlines when he directed the Clippers to cover up the Lakers' championship banners with larger-than-life portraits of his players during Clippers home games.
Since the Lakers were the home team in Tuesday's opener, the banners were hanging unobstructed on the Staples Center wall. Rivers took the opportunity to make it clear he meant no disrespect to the 16-time champions down the hallway.
"I didn't do that because, 'Man, I don't like the Lakers,'" Rivers said. "That was no intent at all, and I've said that 100 times. That was about, 'We're the Clippers, and when we play in our arena, it should be our arena.' It's just like thousands of other arenas around the country where two teams share."
But the longtime Celtics coach slightly wavered from that description a moment later.
"That 2010 banner, I've got to say I don't like seeing," Rivers said of the banner celebrating the Lakers' last win over Boston in the NBA finals. "I can 'fess up to that part."
__
QUESTIONS, ANYONE?: Coach Mike D'Antoni is just as eager as the Lakers' fans to see what his team looks like this season.
"We've got about, I would say, seven or eight question marks," D'Antoni said. "You hit on five of them, you'll have a really good season."
__
SHAWNE'S TURN: Forward Shawne Williams was the Lakers' starting power forward for the season opener.
The well-traveled former first-round pick is on his fifth NBA team after playing in China last season. D'Antoni is excited about Williams' potential — and the Lakers don't have anybody better to take the starting spots vacated by Dwight Howard and Metta World Peace.
"He fits in exactly with what we want to try to do, in the sense of spacing the floor, giving Steve Nash and Pau a lot more room to operate," D'Antoni said. "He makes 3's. I've coached him for a year (in New York). I can trust him. I know what he's going to do defensively. He's going to battle."
__
HOME COOKING: Paul George and Roy Hibbert picked up where they left off last season leading Indiana to a 97-87 win over Orlando. The two-man tandem looked every bit as dominant in the season opener as they did leading the Pacers to the Eastern Conference finals last season.
George's buzzer-beating 3-pointer at the end of the third quarter gave Indiana a 69-64 lead and sparked the decisive 17-4 run to open the fourth.
Hibbert nearly matched his career-high for rebounds (17) in the first half. He had eight points but left the game midway through the fourth quarter after injuring his knee in a spill underneath his own basket. Team officials said it was not serious and he could have returned.
But it was George's 3 that provided the spark Indiana needed to seize control.
__
NO MORE DELAYS: LeBron James knew it was coming.
He threw an alley-oop lob to Chris Andersen with 20.7 seconds left in the first half, and the ball sort of caromed back to him after the play. As decades of instinct told him to do, he grabbed it.
That's a no-no this season.
James was whistled for delay of game, a point of emphasis for the league this season in an effort to speed up play. James had a resigned look on his face, knowing the call was coming.
A look at the scoreboard probably put him in a better mood: The Heat led 54-33 at halftime.
__
GETTING IT GOING: Miami got rolling in the second quarter using a 17-0 run to open up a 21-point lead. Chicago struggled from the field with Derrick Rose, who was playing his first real game — not counting preseason exhibitions — since a knee injury derailed him in April 2012, looking rusty. He missed six of his first eight shots.
__
ROUGH START: Maybe they were blinded by the rings which weighed nearly 5 ounces each and included 242 round-cut diamonds, 1½ carats of custom baguette-cut diamonds, and three black onyx stones totaling 10.3 carats, but Miami and Chicago got off to a slow start. The Heat lead 17-15 after one quarter as neither team could find much rhythm on offense.
__
PRESIDENTIAL TWEET: Pat Riley, the President of the Miami Heat, received his ninth NBA championship ring on Tuesday night.
Barack Obama, the President of the United States, was rooting for the other guys.
At 7:07 p.m. EDT on Tuesday, about an hour before tipoff, the following message — "Welcome back, @drose. (hashtag)BullsNation" — was posted to Obama's Twitter account.
Probably a good chance it'll get brought up when the Heat visit the White House sometime later this season in recognition of their 2013 NBA title. Obama makes no secret of the fact that he's a Bulls fan.
__
CELEBRATION: Tuesday was a day for Miami Heat guard Dwyane Wade to celebrate. There was a new banner for his team to raise, a third NBA championship team for his finger, and an 11th pro season for him to begin.
Oh, and there was birthday cake as well.
Wade's longtime girlfriend, actress Gabrielle Union, turned 41 on Tuesday night. And a few months ago, when Wade saw the schedule for the first time, his first thought was that "we can't lose on my lady's birthday."
How did he do on the birthday-present shopping front?
"Solid," Wade said. "What can you do? There really isn't much you can do. A couple nice gifts."
For the record, Wade will be working on his birthday this year as well. He turns 32 on Jan. 17, a night the Heat play in Philadelphia.
__
RINGING IN THE NEW YEAR: Everybody got a ring in Miami on Tuesday night. Well, just about everybody.
While the Heat staff, coaches and players were getting their baubles to commemorate last season's NBA championship, even fans got a ring of sorts to go home with. One of the giveaway items for fans in Miami was a T-shirt with a ring emblazoned on the front, accompanied by the words "Strive for Greatness."
The shirts were presented by Nike, and the "Strive for Greatness" theme is one that LeBron James is using to coincide with his latest ad campaign for the shoe company.
__
BIG BIRD: Larry Bird has been a larger-than-life personality in his home state.
On Tuesday night, fans got to see just how big. A statue of Bird, which will be dedicated at his alma mater, Indiana State, next weekend was on display inside the Bankers Life Fieldhouse for the Pacers' season opener.
The statue, which shows Bird in a shooting motion and an Indiana State uniform, stands 15-feet tall, and though Bird said he was "sort of embarrassed" by it, he was happy that it the statue is taller than Magic Johnson's on the Michigan State campus.
"It should be, c'mon," Bird said with a chuckle.
Pacers fans won't get to see it for long. The dedication of the statue is scheduled for Nov. 9, before the Sycamores face Ball State at Terre Haute, Ind.
Bankers Life Fieldhouse is one of the few newer NBA arenas that does not have any permanent statues, so when Bird, a former Pacers coach and the current president of basketball operations, was asked whether he would support putting one in for Reggie Miller, Bird was in favor.
"My feeling was always more along the lines of get your number retired and those sorts of things," Bird said. "But if they put one in, I would be the first one to see it."
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Tuesday, October 29, 2013
This Metallic Sphere Will Some Day Carry Martian Samples Back to Earth
This little spherical container may look more like a rejected R2-D2 prototype than a piece of cutting-edge technology, but is in fact the vessel in which the European Space Agency hopes to ship Martian samples back to Earth in.
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Mechanisms of wound healing are clarified in MBL zebrafish study
PUBLIC RELEASE DATE: 29-Oct-2013
[
]
ShareContact: Diana Kenney
dkenney@mbl.edu
508-289-7139
Marine Biological Laboratory
WOODS HOLE, Mass. A crucial component of wound healing in many animals, including humans, is the migration of nearby skin cells toward the center of the wound. These cells fill the wound in and help prevent infection while new skin cells regenerate.
How do these neighboring skin cells know which way to migrate? What directional cues are they receiving from the wound site? A new paper by Mark Messerli and David Graham of the MBL's Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering clarifies the role of calcium signaling in this medically significant communication between skin cells.
Messerli and Graham conducted the study using zebrafish skin cells, which migrate much faster than human cells. "Fish have to heal quickly," Messerli says. "They are surrounded by microbes and fungi in the water. They are constantly losing scales, which generates a wound. So the wound has to be healed in the epidermis first and then a new scale has to be built. Fish skin cells (keratinocytes) migrate five times faster at room temperature than mammalian cells do at 37 degrees C. So it is very easy to track and follow their migratory paths in a short period of time. "
The study brought fresh insights on the role of calcium signaling in inducing cellular organization and directed migration of skin cells. "When we started this study, we were looking at calcium signaling at the single-cell level, which is how it has been looked at for decades. How do single cells see injury?" Messerli says.
To their surprise, by the end of the study they were looking at the calcium signals not just in single cells but in sheets of cells that surround wounds. "The periphery of the wound itself appears to form a graded calcium signal that could direct migration and growth toward the center of the wound. This is what we are looking at now," Messerli says.
The team's approach was to use advanced microscopy to monitor cellular calcium signals and molecular analysis to identify membrane proteins that caused increases in cellular calcium migration. A variety of mechanically activated ion channels were identified in migratory skin cells. TRPV1, the ion channel that is also activated by hot peppers, was found to be necessary for migration.
###
Messerli's co-authors on the paper include David Graham, formerly a research assistant at MBL and now a graduate student at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, and colleagues at Purdue University. Messerli also holds an appointment in the MBL's Cellular Dynamics Program.
Citation:
Graham DM, Huang L, Robinson KR, and Messerli MA (2013) Epidermal keratinocyte polarity and motility require Ca2+ influx through TRPV1. J Cell Sci. 126: 4602-4613.
The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is dedicated to scientific discovery and improving the human condition through research and education in biology, biomedicine, and environmental science. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1888, the MBL is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the University of Chicago.
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Share]
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
PUBLIC RELEASE DATE: 29-Oct-2013
[
]
ShareContact: Diana Kenney
dkenney@mbl.edu
508-289-7139
Marine Biological Laboratory
WOODS HOLE, Mass. A crucial component of wound healing in many animals, including humans, is the migration of nearby skin cells toward the center of the wound. These cells fill the wound in and help prevent infection while new skin cells regenerate.
How do these neighboring skin cells know which way to migrate? What directional cues are they receiving from the wound site? A new paper by Mark Messerli and David Graham of the MBL's Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering clarifies the role of calcium signaling in this medically significant communication between skin cells.
Messerli and Graham conducted the study using zebrafish skin cells, which migrate much faster than human cells. "Fish have to heal quickly," Messerli says. "They are surrounded by microbes and fungi in the water. They are constantly losing scales, which generates a wound. So the wound has to be healed in the epidermis first and then a new scale has to be built. Fish skin cells (keratinocytes) migrate five times faster at room temperature than mammalian cells do at 37 degrees C. So it is very easy to track and follow their migratory paths in a short period of time. "
The study brought fresh insights on the role of calcium signaling in inducing cellular organization and directed migration of skin cells. "When we started this study, we were looking at calcium signaling at the single-cell level, which is how it has been looked at for decades. How do single cells see injury?" Messerli says.
To their surprise, by the end of the study they were looking at the calcium signals not just in single cells but in sheets of cells that surround wounds. "The periphery of the wound itself appears to form a graded calcium signal that could direct migration and growth toward the center of the wound. This is what we are looking at now," Messerli says.
The team's approach was to use advanced microscopy to monitor cellular calcium signals and molecular analysis to identify membrane proteins that caused increases in cellular calcium migration. A variety of mechanically activated ion channels were identified in migratory skin cells. TRPV1, the ion channel that is also activated by hot peppers, was found to be necessary for migration.
###
Messerli's co-authors on the paper include David Graham, formerly a research assistant at MBL and now a graduate student at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, and colleagues at Purdue University. Messerli also holds an appointment in the MBL's Cellular Dynamics Program.
Citation:
Graham DM, Huang L, Robinson KR, and Messerli MA (2013) Epidermal keratinocyte polarity and motility require Ca2+ influx through TRPV1. J Cell Sci. 126: 4602-4613.
The Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) is dedicated to scientific discovery and improving the human condition through research and education in biology, biomedicine, and environmental science. Founded in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1888, the MBL is a private, nonprofit institution and an affiliate of the University of Chicago.
[
Share]
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-10/mbl-mow102913.php
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